Flaws in the University Rankings

University ranking is an artificial hierarchy amongst the universities of the world, created by some organisations on both sides of the Atlantic to enforce the supremacy of the European and the North American universities in the academic world.

These rankings are taken very seriously at the time of academic job appointments and to a lesser extent, during PhD admissions in the Western world. The organisations that prepare these rankings go to great extents to collect data about the resources available at the universities, the student-teacher ratio, the academic publications by the faculty, the reputation of a university in the academic world, the graduate research carried out, the international students' strengths and several such criteria. Undergraduate departments' strength at the universities is a major criteria while including a university within the list of ranked universities.

While these criteria have many merits in their inclusion, there are many important considerations that are left out in these rankings - 

1 - Undergraduate and Graduate educations are not separated 

The QS Universities Rankings have attempted to separate the undergraduate and Graduate departments in its rankings, but they still have a long way to go in making it systematic. Besides, Times Higher Education, US News and others don't seriously separate these two forms of education, which reflect different kinds of focus, expertise and academic perspectives in education.

Any serious university ranking should prepare two distinct lists of undergraduate and graduate educations at a university and rankings should be distinct along these two divisions. Many universities are primarily Graduate while some are primarily undergraduate. These should be grouped in distinct divisions, while separate ranking should be done  for the universities having both undergraduate and graduate educations.

2 - There should be a separate ranking based on Doctoral research

 Doctoral research is the backbone of a university. It reflects the advancement in intellectual pursuit the university has achieved or has declined in. Hence, there should be a distinct group of ranking based on diversity of sub-areas of research disciplines, Doctoral students to advisor ratio, the degree of intellectual growth and comfort level that a doctoral student feels under an advisor, the degree of creative freedom, innovation, independent ideas and critical thinking that is allowed in Doctoral research, new innovations made in the Sciences fields and rigour of academic research invested in Doctoral research. 

3 - Success of Graduate Students in the Job Market 

A university is primarily meant for the students, not for the teachers. Almost all rankings place undue emphasis on the academic successes of the teachers, but not on that of the graduate students who pass out of the universities every year in large numbers.

Rankings must reflect the % of students who got a regular academic job after completing their Graduate Degree, the job being in accordance with the level and expertise of subject gained. If a university is failing in producing successful academics, then there is no point ranking the university highly. Similarly, % of students coming out with professional degrees should be studied in terms of whether they get a job in line with their professional degree. Their level, expertise recognised and salary should be taken into account. Fields that have lower employability than others should be accordingly ranked.

4 - Publishability of Doctoral Research

The value of a Doctoral research is established by whether it is of publishable quality in peer-reviewed places. Hence, instead of placing undue emphasis on the teachers' publications, it should be seen how many peer-reviewed articles and books have come out of the Doctoral researches from a university. If research is being done which is not publishable, then such research has no value.

5 - Interdisciplinary Quotient

Many universities that are currently ranked on top actually don't understand the concept of interdisciplinary nature of disciplines. Their education system is thus actually retrogressive and outdated. Any serious ranking system must take into account how much interdisciplinary quotient exists in the university. Ranking traditional, outdated universities o top makes no sense.

6 - Recycling in Faculty Publications

It has been noticed that in order to complete the required numbers of publications and seminar papers presented, many faculty members from top-ranking universities simply recycle their older findings and ideas by just changing the title and format. This artificially inflates the volume of their publications. Any ranking system must take into account the recycled publications and give such departments lower counts while ranking.

7 - Malpractices in Science Research

Many Science faculty members appropriate the research findings of their students in their names. They often belong to prestigious and top-ranking universities. Such universities should be downgraded in ranking, if the research students report such activities by their professors.

8 - Mentoring Process

The mentoring process of the graduate students is very important in cultivating them into successful academics. While some universities go to great lengths to see that their graduate students get teaching and research experience while completing their Masters and PhD degrees, many others abandon their students towards the end of their degrees. More seriously, some advisors go to great lengths to get them placed in jobs, while in other universities the advisors leave the students to fend for themselves - worse, they often spoil their chances of getting a job.

The mentoring process should be a major criteria for ranking ad the students' opinions should be as important as the teachers' is regarded while collecting data.

Going by the kind of mindset that exists on both sides of the Atlantic, I don't see all this happening quite soon. 

Till these factors are taken into account, current university rankings have no meaning whatsoever.

Global Studies Graduate Programme

The Graduate Programmes in Liberal Arts can be interesting, exciting, challenging and also useful from the professional development perspective. There are many Graduate Programmes in Global Studies that offer funding and good career prospects after completing the Graduate Programme. 

Apart from giving outlets in academic jobs, a Graduate degree can give you access to jobs in think tanks, NGOs, policy making organisations and in international organisations such as the UN and its affiliates.

Some of the disciplines that are evolved out of Global Studies are conflict resolution, global governance, human security, international relations and social and public policy.

Because of the areas covered, this discipline leads to many policy-making related jobs. Hence, it's a good decision for this field if one wants to be involved in policy research and policy advisory positions.

Email - artandheritage@gmail.com

Dual Degree Programs as Graduate Study Options

While applying for Graduate Study, many candidates are not aware that there are dual degree options available in many disciplines. These dual degree options take you a long way in finding jobs after completing your Graduate study. This is because the disciplines are blended thoughtfully by the programmes, so that the candidate can go into multiple job tracks.

Some of the important dual degree programmes available in various Graduate Programmes combine Communication and Management, Communication and Law, Design and Law, Design and Historic Preservation, Energy and Management, Environment and Law etc.

Many of these programmes are also funded and a careful selection of programmes can give the candidates an extra edge in their career paths once they graduate.

As usual, most of these Programmes require 4-6 courses in the relevant areas at the Undergraduate level. So, if you didn't have these courses in the Undergraduate level, you can take them separately if possible. If this option is not there in your country, many of these universities allow you to complete those courses before beginning the Graduate study in your dual degree areas.

It is worthwhile to check for this information before you begin applying. 

Email - artandheritage@gmail.com

How to Apply for a Graduate Programme

Here are some tips to help you apply for a Graduate Programme in the US - 

• Make sure you and/or your education counselor do an extensive survey of various universities' websites to shortlist the universities you apply to. Apply to as many programmes as possible, according to what you can afford.
• Make sure your research interests match with the research strength of the Department and there are experts in your area in the Department.
• Choose your recommendation letters writers carefully - they may or may not be famous, but they should be in academics, or your superiors if you are in an academic job and they should be able to comment positively on your academic and research abilities. Also, they should send the letter before deadline.
• Write your SOP carefully, review it several times and proof-read it carefully. Ask another person to proof-read it as well and give you comments. Be very direct about what you have done, what you want to do, how you have prepared yourself to do it and how this Graduate programme helps you to achieve your goals.
• Before you begin to prepare your applications, contact potential advisors, tell then briefly about your profile and what you want to do and ask them if it is advisable for you to apply there.
• Explore the ranking of the programmes in US News, NRC list, Times Higher Education and QS Ranking lists. Apply to as highly-ranked programmes as possible, considering the strength of your application. 
• Remember that a candidate from a higher-ranked university than yours will almost always top you in the job market. Ranking matters a lot in the US academia. 
• Hence, if your education advisor offers you guaranteed admission in a low-ranked non-funded programme, don't fall into the trap. Such programmes will leave you nowhere in the job market after you get your degree.
• Provide the best writing sample you have and see that it relates to the field you are applying in. Check it several times and proof-read it yourself and get it proof-read by another person as well.
• If you will go for funding, check the websites to confirm that there is funding available. If this information is not there on the website, write to the Department and ask if there is funding in this programme. Tell them your citizenship and residency status while asking about this.
• Make sure you have taken at least 4-6 courses in the discipline in which you are applying. Most US universities require prior training in the discipline, unless their website specifically says that they don't require it. MBA and Masters in Social Work programmes are exception to it, but they are mostly not funded.
• Check the success rate of the alumni of this department in last few years. Write to the department yourself to find out.  
• Don't get tempted by your education counselor to go for a low-ranked non-funded programme, if the success rate of the students of this programme is low. Chances are your degree from this department will not be valuable in the job market. So, it's really a waste of money to go for such programmes by paying a lot of money.
• Especially if the payment of a lot of money is involved, find out the ranking and success rate of the alumni of this programme. 
• Don't presume that this US degree will open doors of success for you. 
• Please know that many candidates have fallen into this trap before you and have suffered because their non-funded and low-ranked programme didn't get them success in their field.

Contact - artandheritage@gmail.com

How Important is the GRE?

The Graduate Record Exam (GRE) is a standardised test comprising of verbal, quantitative and writing skills testing sections. In the current format, it scores between 130 and 170 on the verbal and the quantitative sections and 0-6.0 in 0.5 increments on the writing skills section. It is a required test for admissions applications for most US universities and also for some European universities.

Candidates place a lot of importance on the GRE scores and work very hard to score very well on this test. However, a look at the admissions trend of the various US universities shows that the GRE is actually much less important than the other parts of the application. The Statement of Purpose (SOP), the Writing Sample and the Letters of Recommendations (LORs) are the three most important parts of Graduate Admission process. The next comes the previous GPA. The most important aspect for the American universities appears to be the prestige of the institution from where a candidate has got the previous degrees. A candidate with a lower GPA and lower GRE score from a prestigious institution can be accepted over a candidate from a average-ranked institution, if the SOP, Writing Sample and the LORs are good in both cases.

As for the GRE scores themselves, they have varying importance in different disciplines. In Sciences, Technology, Economics and Mathematical disciplines (STEM), the Quantitative scores o the GRE matter a lot and a score lower than 160 out of 170 can jeopardise the admissions chances of the candidate. On the other hand, verbal scores are not very important and a score of 150+ is treated as acceptable. In contrast, in the Social Sciences, both verbal and quantitative scores are important and one should ideally get closer to or above 160 on both sections in order to get admitted into a good Graduate programme. In the Humanities, only the verbal section is important and the candidates are expected to get a good score on the verbal section. Quantitative scores are not regarded as important in the Humanities disciplines even in the most prestigious universities.

This said, as said above, prestige of the previous institutions, SOP, Writing Sample and the LORs are more important than the GRE in all disciplines and if all of these are strong, then a somewhat lower GRE score can get a candidate. But if these are not strong, then a high GRE score can't get the candidate admission. It seems that the GPA is linked with the prestige of the previous institution.

So, a good strategy is to keep all parts of a Graduate application strong and to get the high GRE scores on the sections important in one's discipline. 

Some universities specifically write on their website that GRE is only a requirement and they give importance to the whole application package. In some places, where funding does not automatically guarantee admission, GRE scores can play a role in funding. Some Programmes specifically mention the minimum GRE scores required by them. 

So, it is a good idea to explore the universities' websites thoroughly and enquire from the Programmes about what role the GRE plays in admission. In most cases, it plays a less important role than what is imagined by the candidates.

Email - artandheritage@gmail.com (Art & Culture Centre/Overseas Education Counselling Division)